How sex differences affect poison frog spatial behaviour

Sex differences in vertebrate spatial abilities are typically interpreted under the adaptive specialization hypothesis, which posits that male reproductive success is associated with larger home ranges and better navigation skills. The androgen spillover hypothesis refutes that improved male spatial performance could be a by-product of higher androgen levels. Animal groups that include species for which females are expected to outperform males based on life history traits are key to disentangling these hypotheses.